Definition of 3D cephalometric hard tissue landmarks

Nasion – N

Nasion (N) is the midpoint of the frontonasal suture.

Sella – S

Sella (S) is the centre of the hypophyseal fossa (sella turcica).

Porion – Po_r – Po_l

Porion (Po) is the most superior point of the external acustic meatus.

Orbitale Or_r – Or_l

Orbitale (Or) is the most inferior point of the infraorbital rim.

Anterior Nasal Spine – ANS

Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS) is the most anterior midpoint of the anterior nasal spine of the maxilla.

Posterior Nasal Spine – PNS

Posterior Nasal Spine (PNS) is the most posterior midpoint of the posterior nasal spine of the palatine bone.

Posterior Maxillary Point – PMP_r – PMP_l

Posterior Maxillary Point_r (PMP_r) and Posterior Maxillary Point_l ( PMP_l) are the points of maximum concavity of the posterior border of the palatine bone in the horizontal plane.

A- Point

A-Point (A) is the point of maximum concavity in the midline of the dento-alveolar process of the maxilla.

B- Point

B-Point (B) is the point of maximum concavity in the midline of the dento-alveolar process of the maxilla.

Pogonion – Pog

Pogonion (Pog) is the most anterior midpoint of the chin on the outline of the mandibular symphysis.

Menton – Men

Menton (Men) is the most inferior midpoint of the chin on the outline of the mandibular symphysis.

Zygion – Zy_(l) - Zy_(r)

Zygion (Zy) is the most lateral point on the outline of the zygomatic arches.

Condylion – Co_r-Co_l

Condylion (Co) is the most postero-superior point of the mandibular condyle in the sagittal plane.

Gonion – Go_r- Go_l

Gonion (Go) is the point at the mandibular angle, defined by a perpendicular to the intersection point of the tangent lines to the posterior margin of the vertical ramus, and to the inferior margin of the mandibular body.

Basion – Ba

Basion (Ba) is the most anterior point of the of the great foramen (Foramen magnum).