Definition of 3D cephalometric dental landmarks

Upper Incisor – UI_r – UI_l

Upper Incisor (UI) is the most mesial point of the tip of the crown of the upper central incisors.

Upper Canine – UC_r – UC_l

Upper Canine (UC) is the most inferior point of the tip of the crown of the upper canines.

Upper Molar Cusp – UMcusp_r - UM-cusp_l

Upper Molar cusp (UMcusp) is the most inferior point of the mesial cusp of the crown of the first upper molars in the profile planes.

Lower Incisor – LI_r – LI_l

Lower Incisor (LI) is the most mesial point of the tip of the crown of the lower central incisors.

Lower Molar Cusp – LMcusp_r - LM-cusp_l

Lower Molar cusp (LMcusp) is the most superior point of the mesial cusp of the crown of the first lower molars in the profile planes.

Upper Incisor apex – UI apex_r – UI apex_l

Upper Incisor apex is the most superior point of the tip of the apex of the roots of the upper central incisors.

Lower Incisor apex – LI apex_r – LI apex_l

Lower Incisor apex is the most inferior point of the tip of the apex of the roots of the lower central incisors.