Definition of 3D cephalometric soft tissue landmarks

glabella – g

glabella (g) is the most anterior midpoint on the fronto-orbital soft tissue contour.

soft tissue nasion – n

soft tissue nasion (n) is the midpoint on the soft tissue contour of the base of the nasal root at the level of the frontonasal suture.

endocanthion – en_r - en_l

endocanthion (en) is the soft tissue point located at the inner commissure of each eye fissure.

pupil – p_r - p_l

pupil (p) is the soft tissue point located at the centre of each bulbus.

zygion – zy_l – zy_r

zygion (zy) is the most lateral point on the soft tissue contour of each zygomatic arch, located at the level of the 3D hard tissue cephalometric Zygion landmark.

pronasale – prn

pronasale (prn) is the most anterior midpoint of the nasal tip.

subnasale – sn

subnasale (sn) is the midpoint on the nasolabial soft tissue contour between the columella crest and the upper lip.

alare – al_r – al_l

alare (al) is the most lateral point on each alar contour.

columella constructed point – c´´

columella constructed point (c´´) is the midpoint of the columella crest at the level of the 'nostril top points'.

subspinale – ss

subspinale (ss) is the most posterior midpoint of the philtrum.

labiale (or labrale) superius – ls

labiale superius (ls) is the midpoint of the vermilion line of the upper lip.

stomion superius – st_s

stomion (st_s) is the most inferior point of the upper lip in the midsagittal plane.

stomion inferius – st_i

stomion inferius (st_i) is the most inferior point of the lower lip in the midsagittal plane.

labiale (or labrale) inferius – li

labiale inferius (li) is the midpoint of the vermilion line of the lower lip.

soft tissue gonion – go_r – go_l

soft tissue gonion (go) is the most lateral point on the soft tissue contour of each mandibular angle, located at the same level as the 3D hard tissue cephalometric Gonion landmark.

sublabiale – sl

sublabiale (sl) is the most posterior midpoint on the labiomental soft tissue contour that defines the border between the lower lip and the chin.

soft tissue pogonion – pg

soft tissue pogonion (pg) is the most anterior midpoint of the chin.

soft tissue gnathion (or menton) – gn

soft tissue gnathion (gn) is the most inferior midpoint on the soft tissue contour of the chin located at the level of the 3D cephalometric hard tissue Menton landmark.

soft tissue gnathion’ – gn’

soft tissue gnathion’ (gn’) is the midpoint on the soft tissue contour of the chin located at the level of the neck-throat junction.